However, the expected Seleucid invasion never took place. Samuel, This identification of Ptolemy son of Lysimachus, with Ptolemy "the son" who is attested as Ptolemy II's co-regent is argued in detail by Chris Bennett. The Ptolemaic admiral Patroclus sailed into the Aegean in 267 BC and established a base on the island of Keos. The tax farmers received any excess from the collected taxes as profit. When Alexander had reigned twelve years, and after him Ptolemy Soter forty years, Philadelphus then took the kingdom of Egypt, and held it forty years within one. [15] The marriage may not have been consummated, since it produced no children. Each nome also had its own strategos (general), who was in charge of the troops settled in the nome and answered directly to the king.[71][72]. The leaders of these missions established a chain of 270 harbour bases along the coasts, some of which grew to be important commercial centres. [36] Ptolemy was able to pursue this interventionist policy without any challenge because a long-running civil war in Macedon had left a power vacuum in the northern Aegean. Particular measures to increase efficiency and income are attested from the start of the Second Syrian War. Ptolemy I Soter ([323]305–282 b.c.e.) A poet, Sotades, who mocked the marriage was exiled and assassinated. 274-271: Continued war against Antiochus I Soter ( First Syrian War, second part); no territorial changes. If Plutarch is to be believed, Philadelphos was conceived during this meeting between roughly November and December 37 BC. While sibling-marriage conformed to the traditional practice of the Egyptian pharaohs, it was shocking to the Greeks who considered it incestuous. Several of Ptolemy's contemporary kings had fought serious wars against Gallic invasions in Greece and Asia Minor, and Ptolemy presented his own victory as equivalent to theirs. This dynastic strife led also to the banishment of his first wife, Arsinoe I , daughter of King Lysimachus of Thrace. He organized the Alexandrian Library inaugurated by his father. [33][34], On the east coast of the sea, the key settlements were Berenice (modern Aqaba/Eilat)[35] and Ampelone (near modern Jeddah). [46] The League of the Islanders, which had been controlled by the Ptolemies and used by them to manage the Cycladic islands seems to have dissolved on the aftermath of the war. For the son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, see, Coins of Ptolemy II's parents Ptolemy I and Berenice I (left), and Ptolemy II and his sister-wife Arsinoe II (right), Conflict with Seleucids and Cyrene (281-275 BC), C. Bennett established the date of Ptolemy I's death in April–June. [58] Ptolemy also instituted cults for a number of relatives. [2] If Plutarch is to be believed, Philadelphos was conceived during this meeting between roughly November and December 37 BC. One reason for this may have been the desire to outflank Magas of Cyrene, who shared a border with the Carthaginian empire at the Altars of Philaeni. Ptolemy "the son" and an associate took control of the Ptolemaic territories in western Asia Minor and the Aegean. He actually begun his reign as co-regent along with his father Ptolemy I Soter for two years from 285 BCE to 283 BCE and oversaw the daily affairs in Alexandria while his father chose retirement in his final years. However, the conflict did not mean the complete end of the Ptolemaic presence in the Aegean. He became joint ruler with his father two years before his death in 283 BC. The plan seems to have been for him to rendezvous with the Spartan army and then use their combined forces to isolate and expel the Antigonid garrisons at Sounion and Piraeus which held the Athenians in check. Tarn believed his birth (presumably in Alexandria, Egypt) was between August–September 36 BC. One ancient account claims that Ptolemy II murdered his father, but other sources say that he died of old age, which is more likely given that he was in his mid-eighties. This Ptolemy shares with his son and successor the honor of rounding the famous Alexandrian Museum and Library. A canal from the Nile near Bubastis to the Gulf of Suez - via Pithom, Lake Timsah and the Bitter Lakes - had been dug by Darius I in the sixth century BC. In the Chremonidean War (c. 267-261 BC), Ptolemy confronted Antigonid Macedonia for control of the Aegean and suffered serious setbacks. Antiochus II took advantage of this upset to declare war on Ptolemy II and he was joined by the Rhodians. During Ptolemy II's reign, the material and literary splendour of the Alexandrian court was at its height. The papyrus establishes a regime of tax farming (telonia) for wine, fruit, and castor oil. We do not know what the outcome of this invasion was. Decorative work on the Temple of Opet at Karnak and the north, This page was last edited on 26 April 2021, at 21:34. Through her, the Ptolemaic line intermarried back into the Roman nobility for many generations. [54][57], Ptolemy II was responsible for the transformation of the cult of Alexander the Great which had been established by Ptolemy I into a state cult of the Ptolemaic dynasty. [76], Ptolemy II cultivated good relations with Carthage, in contrast to his father, who seems to have gone to war with them at least once. Having approved of Antony's planned reorganization of the East in 36 BC, by 34 BC their political situations had evolved and Octavian then used with potency the Donations of Alexandria in his propaganda war against Antony. [8], The fate of Ptolemy Philadelphos is unknown. Ptolemaic naval forces even entered the Black Sea, waging a campaign in support of the free city of Byzantion. Born around 280 bce; murdered in 246 bce; daughter of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe I of Egypt (fl. An embassy from Ptolemy visited the city of Rome in 273 BC and established a relationship of friendship (Latin: amicitia). [21] Shortly thereafter, Magas invaded Egypt, marching on Alexandria, but he was forced to turn back when the Libyan nomads launched an attack on Cyrene. He retained that position until his rebellion in 259 BC. Ptolemy is recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court at Pataliputra in India,[80] probably to Emperor Ashoka: He is also mentioned in the Edicts of Ashoka as a recipient of the Buddhist proselytism of Ashoka: Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved-Servant-of-the-Gods considers to be the best conquest. [32], Throughout the early period of Ptolemy II's reign, Egypt was the preeminent naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. Ptolemy ordered the erection of the core of the Temple of Isis at Philae was erected in his reign and assigned the tax income from the newly conquered Dodekaschoinos region to the temple. Ptolemy's other sister Philotera also received a cult. The first set seem to have been minted by a Ptolemaic mint, perhaps left there in 276 BC after Pyrrhus of Epirus' withdrawal from Sicily. At age 18 (290 BCE) Ptolemy was made his father's co-regent in order to guarantee his succession. In 280, he also instituted the deification of his father Ptolemy I Soter, which created a divine lineage for the Ptolemies and served to legitimize their rulership in the eyes of the Egyptians. [37], The Athenian politician Chremonides forged a further alliance with Sparta in 269 BC. ), Aglais (?) A decree, known as the Revenue Laws Papyrus was issued in 259 BC in order to increase tax yields. The peace was sealed by Antiochus' marriage to Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Phernopherus, which took place in 252 BC. Other scholars operating under Ptolemy's aegis included the mathematician Euclid and the astronomer Aristarchus. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309 -246 BC ), was of a delicate constitution, no … )-loving"), the youngest son of Ptolemy I; born 309 BC in Cos; succeeded his father in 285 BC and died 247. As a result, it is the administration of the countryside that is best known to modern scholarship. The festival provided an opportunity for Ptolemy II to showcase the splendour, wealth, and reach of the Ptolemaic empire. He took the Egyptian name, Meryamun Setepenre, which means "Beloved of Amun, Chosen of Re". Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaĩos Philádelphos" 309 BCE–246 BCE), was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 BCE to 246 BCE. For the son of Cleopatra VII, see Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra) Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: Πτολεμαίος Φιλάδελφος, 309246 BCE), was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 281 BCE to 246 BCE. [26] Around 275 BC, Ptolemaic forces invaded Nubia and annexed the northern twelve miles of this territory, subsequently known as the Dodekaschoinos ('twelve-mile land'). He was the son of the founder of the Ptolemaic kingdom Ptolemy I Soter and Berenice. The conflict was probably the reason why Ptolemy executed two of his brothers, probably full brothers of Keraunos, in 281 BC. [78] These two friendships were tested in 264 BC, when the First Punic War broke out between Carthage and Rome, but Ptolemy II remained studiously neutral in the conflict, refusing a direct Carthaginian request for financial assistance.[79][77]. Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy II was the youngest son of Ptolemy I Soter. [73] This decree was followed in 258 BC by a 'General Inventory' in which the whole of Egypt was surveyed in order to determine the quantity of different types of land, irrigation, canals, and forests within the kingdom and the amount of income that could be levied from it. At the top of the hierarchy, in Alexandria, there were a small group of officials, drawn from the king's philoi (friends). [43][44] Gunther Hölb argues that the Ptolemaic focus was on the eastern Aegean, where naval forces under the command of the co-regent Ptolemy the Son, took control of Ephesus and perhaps Lesbos in 262 BC. Reigning at first with his father, Ptolemy I Soter, he became sole ruler in 283–282 and purged his family of possible rivals. The couple were worshipped as a pair, the Theoi Soteres (Saviour Gods). A key goal of this administrative system was to extract as much wealth as possible from the land, so that it could be deployed for royal purposes, particularly war. [53] In Delos, Ptolemy established a festival, called the Ptolemaia in 249 BC, which advertised continued Ptolemaic investment and involvement in the Cyclades,even though political control seems to have been lost by this time. In addition to Egypt, Ptolemy's empire encompassed much of the Aegean and Levant. [18] Ptolemy II seems to have adopted Arsinoe II's son by Lysimachus, also named Ptolemy, as his heir, eventually promoting him to co-regent in 267 BC, the year after Arsinoe II's death. [71][72], The whole of Egypt was divided into thirty-nine districts, called nomes (portions), whose names and borders had remained roughly the same since early Pharaonic times. At the end of the war, Ptolemy had lost sections of Pamphylia and Cilicia, but none of the Syrian territory south of the Eleutheros River. Ptolemy’s son was called Philadelphus because, in the tradition of … The adults were killed for their ivory, the children were captured in order to be trained as war elephants. On the contrary, the naval bases established during the war at Keos and Methana endured until the end of the third century BC, while those at Thera, and Itanos in Crete remained bulwarks of Ptolemaic sea power until 145 BC. [6] Two of his father's sons by his previous marriage to Eurydice, Ptolemy Keraunos and Meleager, became kings of Macedonia. His father had him schooled in the tradition of Alexander the … Ptolemy II of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. was the younger son of Ptolemy I, and ruled for the last two years of his father’s life. Within a few months after the capture of Demetrius, the alliance that had been organized against him, had disappeared, and a new round of wars seemed inevitable. [41] After a prolonged siege, the Athenians were forced to surrender to Antigonus in early 261 BC. Ptolemy I had originally supported the establishment of his friend Seleucus I as ruler of Mesopotamia, but relations had cooled after the Battle of Ipsos in 301 BC, when both kings claimed Syria. Although the temple had existed since the sixth century BC, it was Ptolemy's sponsorship that converted it into one of the most important in Egypt.[63]. In addition to these measures focused on agriculture, Ptolemy II also established extensive gold mining operations, in Nubia at Wadi Allaqi and in the eastern desert at Abu Zawal. After some initial success, Ptolemy's forces were defeated in battle by Antiochus and forced to retreat back to Egypt. As a result, both were given the epithet "Philadelphoi" (Koinē Greek: Φιλάδελφοι "Sibling-lovers"). Bust of Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy was born in 309 BCE on the island of Cos, the son of Ptolemy I Soter (“the Savior”) and his queen Berenice I. Ptolemy was his father’s youngest son, raised in the court of Alexandria in which Ptolemy witnessed his father’s endeavors in the Wars of the Diadochi (“Successors”). [84] He had many mistresses, including Agathoclea (? The Seleucid forces were afflicted by economic problems and an outbreak of plague. Over 2,000 talents were distributed to attendees as largesse. Ptolemy distributed this land to the Ptolemaic soldiers as agricultural estates in 253 BC. Each subsequent royal couple would be added to the priest's title until the late second century BC. W W Tarn, Journal of Roman Studies, 1932, 135-160. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)&oldid=1017442631, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 19:45. Berenice Syra (c. 280–246 bce)Queen of the Seleucid Empire whose arrival at Antioch stimulated a dynastic rivalry which led to the murder of her son and, soon after, her own bravely faced execution. [29], Probably in response to the alliance with Magas, Ptolemy declared war on Antiochus I in 274 BC by invading Seleucid Syria. [77] Ptolemy was also the first Egyptian ruler to enter into formal relations with the Roman Republic. was a worthy founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty (his father was Lagus, which is why the dynasty is sometimes called the Lagids). [73] Efforts were made to increase the amount of arable land in Egypt, particularly by reclaiming large amounts of land from Lake Moeris in the Fayyum. He was a true polymath, not only being a general and strategist of considerable ability but also a statesman Other scholars have identified the co-regent as the future, Scholia on Theocritus 17.128; Pausanias 1.7.3, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHölb2001 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFO'Niel2008 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHolbl2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMookerji1988 (, Pliny the Elder, "The Natural History", Chap. They had no offspring, but in the 260s BC, the children of Arsinoe I were legally declared to be her children. The next year, his parents committed suicide as Octavian's legions invaded Egypt. [57], This article is about the Egyptian ruler. Ultimately, the parents of Philadelphos were defeated by Caesar Octavian (future Emperor Augustus) during the naval battle at Actium, Greece in 31 BC. There is substantial evidence for the exchange of goods and ideas between Syracuse and Alexandria. [19][notes 2] Around the time of the rebellion, Ptolemy II legitimised the children of Arsinoe I by having them posthumously adopted by Arsinoe II.[18]. He inherited his father's love for literature and genius for administration, but not his military capacity. [16] Another poet Theocritus defended the marriage by comparing it to the marriage of the gods Zeus and his older sister Hera. Ptolemy Soter is described very briefly in Daniel, (Daniel 11:6) as one of those who should receive part of the empire of Alexander when it was "divided toward the four winds of heaven." The chains were so heavy they could not walk, prompting reactions of sympathy from the Romans. PTOLEMAEUS II. Large indemnity payments to the Seleucids were presented by Ptolemy II as the dowry connected to this wedding. Philadelphus was the first of the Ptolemies to fully understand the political necessity of making such adaptations. He was one of the most successful members of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, leaving Egypt in a much better condition than he inherited it in. [62], As part of his patronage of Egyptian religion and the priestly elite, Ptolemy II financed large-scale building works at temples throughout Egypt. Ptolemy II was the son of Ptolemy I Soter and his third wife Berenice I. Following Octavian’s invasion the orphaned children were taken to Rome to be cared for by Antony’s first wife, Octavia Minor – who was Octavian’s younger sister. As Antigonus expanded his power through mainland Greece, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II positioned themselves as defenders of 'Greek freedom' from Macedonian aggression. Around 272 BC, Ptolemy II promoted himself and his sister-wife Arsinoe II to divine status as the Theoi Adelphoi (Sibling Gods). Roller speculates that he may have died from illness in the winter of 29 BC.[9]. Ptolemy XVI Philadelphos Antonius was of Greek and Roman heritage. Ptolemy II was not born in Egypt. He had two full sisters, Arsinoe II and Philotera. Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe II. [61] At the end of the whole procession marched a military force numbering 57,600 infantry and 23,200 cavalry. [51][50], After the war was over, in July 253 BC Ptolemy travelled to Memphis. Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who succeeded his father as pharaoh of Egypt in 283 BC, was a peaceful and cultured pharaoh, and no great warrior. It was agreed that Ptolemy's heir Ptolemy III would marry Magas' sole child, Berenice. His older son, Ptolemy Keraunos, fled to Seleucus, who promised to restore him. In about 285 BC, Ptolemy I Soter probably took as his co-ruler one of his sons by Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who became the sole ruler of Egypt and the rest of his father's empire upon the elder king's death in about 282 BC. Twenty-four chariots drawn by elephants were followed by a procession of lions, leopards, panthers, camels, antelopes, wild asses, ostriches, a bear, a giraffe and a rhinoceros. Ptolemy II and King Hiero II of Syracuse are regularly referred to as having enjoyed particularly close relations. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλάδελφος, Ptolemaios Philadelphos "Ptolemy, friend of his siblings"; 309/8 – 28 January 246 BC) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 283 to 246 BC. [32], Along the Egyptian coast, Philotera, Myos Hormos, and Berenice Troglodytica would become important termini of caravan routes running through the Egyptian desert and key ports for the Indian Ocean trade which began to develop over the next three centuries. Probably in 273/2 BC, Ptolemy married his older sister, Arsinoe II. At the start of his sole reign, Ptolemy II deified his father and he deified his mother Berenice I as well after her death in the 270s. Ptolemy II also intervened to begin the abolition of the native aristocracy which his father had allowed to survive and, under his rulership, the intensive Hellenisation of Egypt began. Poets like Callimachus, Theocritus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Posidippus were provided with stipends and produced masterpieces of Hellenistic poetry, including panegyrics in honour of the Ptolemaic family. [10][9][notes 1], The fall-out from the succession conflict between Ptolemy II and Ptolemy Keraunos continued even after Ptolemy II's accession. This account contains several anachronisms and is unlikely to be true. Ptolemy II was an eager patron of scholarship, funding the expansion of the Library of Alexandria and patronising scientific research. Notes. The acquisitions of the Ptolemaic kingdom at this time can be traced in epigraphic sources and seem to include Samos, Miletus, Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia, and perhaps Cilicia. (2) Ptolemy II, surnamed Philadelphus (Philadelphos, "Brother(sister? People - Ancient Egypt: Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Tour Egypt PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS, THE SECOND KING OF EGYPT'S GREEK PERIOD by Jimmy Dunn -- In about 285 BC, Ptolemy I Soter probably took as his co-ruler one of his sons by Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who became the sole ruler of Egypt and the rest of his father's empire upon the elder king's death in about … 309, and was consequently twenty-six years of age at the commencement of his sole reign. This was followed by a Second Syrian War (260-253 BC) against the Seleucid empire, in which many of the gains from the first war were lost. The son of Seleucus, Antiochus I, spent several years fighting to re-establish control over his father's empire. Ptolemy Philadelphus in the Library of Alexandria, by Vincenzo Camuccini (1813). However, the Spartan army was unable to break through to Attica and the plan failed. He was the son of Ptolemy I Soter, the Macedonian Greek general of Alexander the Great who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom after the death of Alexander, and queen Berenice I, originally from Macedon in northern Greece. As Ptolemy II grew older a struggle for the succession developed between them, which culminated in Ptolemy Keraunos' departure from Egypt around 287 BC. She was the mother of his legitimate children:[82][57], Ptolemy II repudiated Arsinoe in the 270s BC. [54], Also in the late 250s BC, Ptolemy renewed his efforts to reach a settlement with Magas of Cyrene. After his father died (283 BCE ), Ptolemy repudiated his first wife, married his older sister-- Arsinoe II --& made her co-regent of his empire (277 BCE ). [23][24][25], Ptolemy clashed with the kingdom of Nubia, located to the south of Egypt, over the territory known as the Triakontaschoinos ('thirty-mile land'). At this same moment, Ptolemy's own forces were hamstrung. In 271 BC, Antiochus abandoned the war and agreed to peace, with a return to the status quo ante bellum. It achieved this goal with greatest efficiency under Ptolemy II. The highlight was a Grand Procession, composed on a number of individual processions in honour of each of the gods, beginning with the Morning Star, followed by the Theoi Soteres, and culminating with the Evening Star. On 28 March 284 BC, Ptolemy I had Ptolemy II declared king, formally elevating him to the status of co-regent. The festival included a feast for 130 people in a vast royal pavilion and athletic competitions. Ptolemy II took advantage of this to expand his realm at Seleucid expense. Others, however, place the battle around 255 BC, at the time of the Second Syrian War. Chremonides and his brother Glaucon, who were responsible for the Athenian participation in the war, fled to Alexandria, where Ptolemy welcomed them into his court. His father Mark Antony summoned Cleopatra to a summit near Antioch, Syria (now a part of modern Turkey) in a place Plutarch locates as being situated between Beirut and Sidon, called Light, an unwalled village. [56] A republican government, led by two Cyrenaeans named Ecdelus and Demophanes controlled Cyrene until Berenice's actual wedding to Ptolemy III in 246 BC after his accession to the throne. PHILADELPHUS, B.C. Some time after 275 BC, Arsinoe I was charged with conspiracy and exiled to Coptos. All three of these officials answered to the dioiketes and held equal rank, the idea being that each would act as a check on the others and thus prevent officials from developing regional power bases that might threaten the power of the king. The Achaean League was a relatively small collection of minor city-states in the northwestern Peloponnese at this date, but with the help of Ptolemy's money, over the next forty years Aratus would expand the League to encompass nearly the whole of the Peloponnese and transform it into a serous threat to Antigonid power in mainland Greece. [17] The marriage provided a model which was followed by most subsequent Ptolemaic monarchs. With Apame's help, Demetrius seized control of the city, but he was assassinated by Berenice. Priests and festivals are also attested on Cyprus at Lapethos, at Methymna on Lesbos, on Thera, and possibly at Limyra in Lycia. )-loving"), the youngest son of Ptolemy I; born 309 B.C. As long as the two kings lived, this dispute did not lead to war, but with the death of Ptolemy I in 282 and of Seleucus I in 281 BC that changed. In artistic depictions, Ptolemy II was often depicted with divine attributes, namely the club of Heracles and the elephant-scalp headdress associated with Alexander the Great, while Arsinoe was shown carrying a pair of cornucopiae with a small ram's horn behind her ear. The area was established as a new nome, named the Arsinoite nome, in honour of the long-dead Arsinoe II. Octavian celebrated his military triumph in Rome, by parading the three orphans in heavy golden chains in the streets of Rome. He pursued an aggressive and expansionist foreign policy with mixed success. Ptolemy XVI Philadelphos Antonius was of Greek and Roman heritage. This vacuum was threatened after Antigonus II Gonatas firmly established himself as king of Macedon in 272 BC. The Pithom stele records the inauguration of a temple at Pithom by Ptolemy, in 279 BC on his royal jubilee. Ptolemy II., surnamed Philadelphus, was born at Cos, B.C. Private individuals paid the king a lump sum up front for the right to oversee the collection of the taxes (though the actual collection was carried out by royal officials). He had two elder brothers, Ptolemy Keraunos and Meleager, both of whom were Macedonian kings. [13], The three children of Arsinoe I, who included the future Ptolemy III, seem to have been removed from the succession after their mother's fall. One of the Ptolemaia festivals from the 270s BC was described by the historian Callixenus of Rhodes and part of his account survives, giving a sense of the enormous scale of the event. Around 279 BC, Arsinoe II returned to Egypt, where she clashed with her sister-in-law Arsinoe I. He procured the law to be interpreted, and set free those that were come from Jerusalem into Egypt, and were in slavery there, who were a hundred and twenty thousand. This was the stretch of the Nile river between the First Cataract at Syene and the Second Cataract at Wadi Halfa (the whole area is now submerged under Lake Nasser). It is possible that much of the structure had already been developed in the reign of Ptolemy I, but evidence for it - chiefly in the form of documentary papyri - only exists from the reign of Ptolemy II. The city of Arsinoe was established at the mouth of the canal on the Gulf of Suez. The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible is likely to have taken place among the Jews of Alexandria, but was probably a protracted process rather than a single moment of translation. He promoted the Museum and Library of Alexandria. Manetho links himself directly to Pharaoh Ptolemy II. From there, two exploratory missions were sent down the east and west coasts of the Red Sea all the way down to the Bab-el-Mandeb. He had it cleared and restored to operation in 270/269 BC - an act which is commemorated in the Pithom Stele. A festival, called the Ptolemaia, was held in Ptolemy I's honour at Alexandria every four years from 279/278 BC. (2) Ptolemy II, surnamed Philadelphus (Philadelphos, "Brother(sister? Ptolemy is thought to have commissioned Manetho to compose his Aegyptiaca, an account of Egyptian history, perhaps intended to make Egyptian culture intelligible to its new rulers.[74]. The coronation of Philadelphus was made one of the most magnificent and imposing ceremonies that royal pomp and parade ever arranged. However, by Ptolemy's time it had silted up. He organized the Alexandrian Library inaugurated by his father. It is possible, but not certain, that Antigonus was still at war with Ptolemy II during this period and that his great naval victory over Ptolemy at the Battle of Kos (mentioned above) took place in 255 BC within the context of the Second Syrian War. 46–120 AD) and according to George Syncellus Manetho links himself directly with Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC). 1. Lysimachus’ court was divided on the question of supporting Keraunos. The two boys who would have posed a threat to Octavian when they became of age may have been murdered later or died from illness, and both boys cease to be mentioned after 29 BC. In addition, Ptolemy initiated work at a number of other sites, including (from north to south): Ptolemaic Egypt was administered by a complicated bureaucratic structure. [42], Despite the presence of Patroclus and his fleet, it appears that Ptolemy II hesitated to fully commit himself to the conflict in mainland Greece. He became his father’s co-regent in 284 BC and took over as the sole king of Egypt in 282 BC when his father died. He was the son of Ptolemy V and the brother of Ptolemy VI. They are succeeded by a series that seems to have been minted by the regular Syracusan mint, perhaps on the outbreak of the First Punic War in 265 BC. [30] The region's gold production was a key contributor to the prosperity and power of the Ptolemaic empire in the third century BC. On the other hand, Lysimachus' heir, Agathocles, was married to Keraunos' full sister Lysandra. Ptolemy VIII Ptolemy VIII (184-116 BC) was known as Ptolemy Euergetes (“benefactor”) II and was the king of Egypt from 145-116 BC. Lysimachus chose to support Ptolemy II and sealed that decision at some point between 284 and 281 BC by marrying his daughter Arsinoe I to Ptolemy II. Ptolemy II followed the example of his father in making an effort to present himself in the guise of a traditional Egyptian Pharaoh and to support the Egyptian priestly elite. [3][4], Ptolemy XVI was named after the original Ptolemy II Philadelphus (the second Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty) and Cleopatra's intention was recreating the former Ptolemaic Kingdom, which she herself received from Antony in the Donations of Antioch in 36 BC at this time with full approval from Octavian. [7] The children of his mother Berenice's first marriage to Philip included Magas of Cyrene and Antigone, the wife of Pyrrhus of Epirus. The enormous archive of his personal secretary, Zenon of Kaunos, happens to have survived. 273: Treaty with Rome ( Livy, Periochae 14.6 .) If the mention of someone named Manetho in the Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241/240 BC, is in

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