In some embodiments, an artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) of the present disclosure comprises an erythroid cell, wherein the erythroid cell presents, e.g. Molecular mobility (e.g. In one aspect, the invention features cell populations comprising the engineered erythroid cells of the invention, e.g., a plurality or population of the engineered erythroid cells. In some embodiments, the first exogenous antigenic polypeptide, the second exogenous polypeptide, or the first and the second exogenous antigenic polypeptide is a tumor antigen, an autoimmune disease antigen, a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or a parasite. In embodiments, an exogenous antigenic polypeptide comprises a human polypeptide or fragment thereof, e.g., all or a fragment of a human polypeptide of a), b), c), d), e), or f) of the preceding paragraph.

A neoantigen can include a polypeptide sequence or a nucleotide sequence. Sci. Erythroid cell, specifically red blood cells may be hypotonically lysed by adding 30-50 fold volume excess of 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8) to a pellet of isolated red blood cells. comprises on the cell surface, at least one exogenous antigenic polypeptide, wherein the at least one exogenous antigenic polypeptide is a neutrophil elastase antigen. Also encompassed by the disclosure is an artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) comprising an erythroid cell, wherein the erythroid cell presents, e.g. f) a human polypeptide having a sequence of c), d), or e) that does not differ substantially in a biological activity, e.g., an enzymatic activity (e.g., specificity or turnover) or binding activity (e.g., binding specificity or affinity) from a human polypeptide having the sequence of a) or b). For example, in some embodiments, the first exogenous polypeptide localizes the engineered erythroid cell to a desired site, e.g., a human cell, and the second exogenous polypeptide has a therapeutic activity, e.g., antigen presenting activity. Autoimmune disorders may be diagnosed using blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electromyogram (measures muscle function), and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, but antibody testing in the blood, for self-antibodies (or auto-antibodies) is particularly useful. In some embodiments, the subject is selected for treatment of cancer with an aAPC comprising an erythroid cell presenting (e.g. In some embodiments, the costimulatory polypeptide is 4-1BBL. The mechanism of CTL-induced lysis involves the production by the CTL of perforin, a molecule that can insert into the membrane of target cells and promote the lysis of that cell. In other embodiments, the antibodies against CD4 and CD8 are expressed on the aAPC surface, to activate their respective immune cell populations.

In another embodiment, engineered erythroid cells are expanded and differentiated in vitro through the terminal differentiation stage to become erythrocytes. Recently, CD34+ cells were differentiated to the reticulocyte stage, followed by successful transfusion into a human subject (Giarratana et al., Blood 2011, 118:5071). A small group of T cells express receptors made of γ and δ chains. Alternatively, the transferrin antibody may be indirectly linked to the magnetic beads via a secondary antibody. Thus, locally secreted cytokine molecules form spots, with each spot corresponding to one IFN-γ-secreting cell. In some embodiments, the exogenous antigen-presenting polypeptide is an MHC Class I HLA-A2 single chain fusion.

Unclicked mRCTs, triple clicked mRCTs (OVA-4-1BBL-IL15 (MTZ-TCO) and OVA-4-1BBL-IL15 (AZ-DBCO)), or double clicked mRCTs (OVA-4-1BBL, and OVA-4-1BBL+ soluble IL-15 (20 ng/ml) and OT1 CD8+ T cells were co-incubated at ratios of 25:1, 10:1, and 4:1 (mRCT:OT1) and incubated for 4 days at 37 C and 5% CO2.

an MHC class I or class II molecule), wherein the exogenous antigen-presenting polypeptide is an MHC class I polypeptide or single chain fusion or an MHC class II polypeptide or single chain fusion, wherein the exogenous antigenic polypeptide is a gp100 antigen, and wherein the erythroid cell further presents, e.g. The exogenous antigenic polypeptide may be bound either covalently or non-covalently to the antigen-presenting polypeptide. Paul, W. E., Lippicott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, (1999)). Rev. Recently, a number of different laboratories have used these anti-tumor lymphocytes to clone melanoma-associated antigens, which have generally been nonmutated melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA), a group that includes gp100 (Overwijk and Restifo, Curr Protoc Immunol. Patricia L. Kean: comprises on the cell surface, an exogenous antigen-presenting polypeptide and an exogenous antigenic polypeptide, wherein the exogenous antigenic polypeptide is specifically bound to the exogenous antigen-presenting polypeptide, wherein the exogenous antigen-presenting polypeptide is an MHC class I polypeptide or single chain fusion or an MHC class II polypeptide or single chain fusion.

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